| "The Black Experience in America" by Norman Coombs |
| Part One - From Freedom to Slavery |
| Chapter 01 - African Origins. |
| Chapter 02 - The Human Market: The Slave Trade - Caribbean Interlude. |
| Chapter 03 - Slavery as Capitalism: The Shape of American Slavery. |
| Chapter 04 - All Men are created Equal: Slavery and the American Revolution. |
| Part Two - Emancipation without Freedom |
| Chapter 05 - A Nation Divided. |
| Chapter 06 - From Slavery to Segregation. |
| Chapter 07 - Racism and Democracy. |
| Part Three - The Search for Equality |
| Chapter 08 - The Crisis of Leadership |
| Chapter 09 - The New Negro |
| Chapter 10 - Fighting Racism at Home and Abroad |
| Chapter 11 - Civil Rights and Civil Disobediance |
| Chapter 12 - The Black Revolt |
| Chapter 13 - Epilogue |
| Excerpts from Slave Narratives (Edited by Steven Mintz - University of Huston) |
| Original main page placed on a Norwegian web server |
| #1. A European slave trader, John Barbot, describes the African slave |
| #2. A Muslim merchant, Ayubah Suleiman Diallo, recalls his capture and enslavement |
| #3. Olaudah Equiano, an 11-year old Ibo from Nigeria remembers his kidnapping into slavery (1789) |
| #4. Venture Smith relates the story of his kidnapping at the age of six (1798) |
| #5. A European slave trader, James Bardot, Jr., describes a shipboard revolt by enslaved Africans (1700) |
| #6. Olaudah Equiano describes the horrors of the Middle Passage (1789) |
| #7. A doctor, Alexander Falconbridge, describes conditions on an English slaver (1788) |
| #8. Olaudah Equiano describes his arrival in the New World (1789) |
| #9. An English physician, Alexander Falconbridge, describes the treatment of newly arrived slaves in the West Indies (1788) |
| #10. Solomon Northrup describes the working conditions of slaves on a Louisiana cotton plantation (1853) |
| #11. Charles Ball compares working conditions on tobacco and cotton plantations (1858) |
| #12. Josiah Henson describes slave housing, diet, and clothing (1877) |
| #13. Francis Henderson describes living conditions under slavery (1856) |
| #14. Jacob Stroyer recalls the material conditions of slave life (1898) |
| #15. James Martin remembers a slave auction (1937) |
| #16. Jacob Stroyer recalls the formative experiences of his childhood (1898) |
| #17. James W.C. Pennington analyzes the impact of slavery upon childhood (1849) |
| #18. Lunsford Lane describes the moment when he first recognized the meaning of slavery (1842) |
| #19. Laura Spicer learns that her husband, who had been sold away, has taken another wife (1869) |
| #20. An overseer attempts to rape Josiah Henson's mother (1877) |
| #21. Lewis Clarke discusses the impact of slavery on family life (1846) |
| #22. Olaudah Equiano describes West African religious beliefs and practices (1789) |
| #23. Charles Ball remembers a slave funeral, which incorporated traditional African customs (1837) |
| #24. Peter Randolph describes the religious gathers slaves held outside of their master's supervision (1893) |
| #25. Henry Bibb discusses "conjuration"
(1849) |
| #26. Frederick Douglass describes the circumstances that prompted masters to whip slaves (1845) |
| #27. John Brown has bells and horns fastened on his head (1855) |
| #28. William Wells Brown is tied up in a smokehouse (1847) |
| #29. Moses Roper is punished for attempting to run away (1837) |
| #30. Lewis Clarke describes the implements his mistress used to beat him (1846) |
| #31. Frederick Douglass resists a slave breaker (1845) |
| #32. Nat Turner describes his revolt against slavery (1831) |
| #33. Margaret Ward follows the North Star to freedom (1879) |
| #34. Frederick Douglass borrows a sailor's papers to escape slavery (1855, 1895) |
| #35. Harriet Tubman sneaks into the South to free slaves (1863, 1865) |
| #36. Henry "Box" Brown escapes slavery in a sealed box (1872) |
| #37. Margaret Garner kills her daughter rather than see her returned to slavery (1876) |
| #38. Private Thomas Long assesses the meaning of black military service during the Civil War (1870) |
| #39. Corporal Jackson Cherry appeals for equal opportunity for former slaves (1865) |
| #40. Jourdan Anderson declines his former master's invitation to return to his plantation (1865) |
| #41. Major General Rufus Saxon assesses the freedmen's aspirations (1866) |
| #42. Colonel Samuel Thomas describes the attitudes of ex-Confederates toward the freedmen (1865) |
| #43. Francis L. Cardozo asks for land for the freedmen
(1868) |
| #44. The Rev. Elias Hill is attacked by the Ku Klux Klan
(1872) |
| #45. Henry Blake describes sharecropping (1937) |
| #46. Frederick Douglass assesses the condition of the freedmen in 1880 |
| Women in Slavery |
| Sex Relations between Female Slaves and their Masters - Female slaves had a variety of relationships with their masters, ranging from their masters being benevolent and kind to cruel and punishing. This page discusses some of these relationships. |
| Female Slaves and Their Families - The family structure for slaves was often unstable. This page discusses female slaves roles in the family structure, and how they coped with problems that came up. |
| From Oppression to Progression - This page will point out the contributions Harriet Ann Jacobs, Ellen Craft, Elizabeth Keckley, and Harriet Tubman made to society. |
| Early African-American Feminists - Several ex-slaves were involved in the female rights movement of the mid-nineteenth century. This page discusses the backgrounds and activities of a few of these women. |
| A Slave Woman - The Narrative of Bethany Veney |
| Ain't I a Woman? - Sojourner Truth gave her famous "Ain't I a Woman?" speech at the 1851 Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio. |
| African-American Women Writers of the 19th Century - from Digital Schomburg of The New York Public Library Digital Library Collections |
| Buffalo Soldiers: African Soldiers in the US Army |
| Buffalo Soldiers - "Buffalo Soldiers" By Bob Marley |
| Buffalo Soldiers Links - History and Culture. Lots of background information from 'www.background.com' |
| Buffalo Soldiers 6 - The Negro in the Regular Army - A thorough background story |
| African American Warriors - A comprehensive site on the history and background of the Buffalo Soldiers |
| People of Color on America's Western Frontier |
| US Civil War 1861-65 |
| Causes of the Civil War in America 1 (1861-65) - A well-organized page of main events, etc. |
| Causes of the Civil War in America 2 (1861-65) - Short essay on the factors leading to the American Civil War. Covers slavery, legal questions, and key political leaders. |
| The Missouri Compromise - The Missouri Compromise which occurred in 1820 was a compromise made over slavery. |
| The Kansas_Nebraska Act - The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´. |
| The War - A summary of major events. Pretty detailed. |
| The Emancipation Proclamation of January 1st, 1863, by President Abraham Lincoln. |
| Resistance |
| US Slave Revolts (x) - The exact number of slave revolts is unknown, but there were hundreds of them,with the first revolt happening as early as 1526. Listed below are some of more well known slave revolts. |
| Black People Resisted - Black Resistance to the Slavery in the United States |
| Southampton Slave Revolt - Early in the morning of August 22, 1831, a band of eight black slaves, led by a lay preacher named Nat Turner, entered the Travis house in Southampton County, Virginia and killed five members of the Travis family. This was the beginning of a slave uprising that was to become known as Nat Turner's rebellion. |
| The Black Panthers - A short history. By National Editor, T.B.W.T Herb Boyd. The Black Panther Party blazed across America's political firmament like a comet--a bright but brief appearance that still flickers in the
nation's imagination. |
| North America in general |
| African American History Course - we will briefly examine our roots in Africa, especially Egypt, Ethiopia, and the West African kingdoms. A rather thorough survey will be given to the Atlantic slave trade and the rise of the plantation system. The bulk of the course will be devoted to African American history after the Civil War and Reconstruction with emphasis of political movements and significant personalities. (The Black World Today - Mr. Herb Boyd) |
| Black History Tour - African Heritage (300-1619) / Indentured Servants and Slavery ((1690-1860) / Early Slave Music / Abolitionist Movement / American Revolution (1776-1783) / Civil War (1861-1865) / Reconstruction (1865-75) / Post-Reconstruction (1876-1900) / World War I / The Black Renaissance / World War II / Legal Action against Racism / Urban Unrest and Militant Protest / The 1970s / Black Pride The 1980s / Black Americans today The 1990s / The Future / Jazz, Soul, etc. |
| Chronology on the History of Slavery - A History of Slavery from 1619 to End |
| Indentureship - Gottlieb Mittelberger, a German, Describes the Difficulties of Immigration, 1750 |
| Plantation agriculture in Southeast USA - The decision to become a planter / Slave Prices / Crops Produced / Religion and Acculturation / Attitudes towards sex / Slavery in Florida in 1860 / Questions |
| "The Desire of Marblehead" - The first American slave ship |
| Thomas Jefferson and Afro-Americans - Thomas Jefferson on Slavery |
| The Underground Railroad - The Underground Railroad was perhaps the most dramatic protest action against slavery in United States' history. |
| The Underground Railroad - The Underground Railroad in Franklin County. Because of its location on the Mason-Dixon line Franklin County was intimately involved with both pro- and anti-slavery forces. |
| "The Fugitive Slave Law of 1793" By Lauren Giacco - The first United States Fugitive Slave Law was passed by Congress in 1793. |
| The African-American Mosaic - A Library of Congress Resource Guide
for the Study of Black History and Culture |
| The Underground Railroad / Canada - The Blacks, Anti-Slavery and the Underground Railway. Black slaves were brought to Canada as early as 1608. By 1759 there were more than 1,000 black slaves in the then New France. |
| Memories of Childhood's Slavery Days - Memories of Childhood's Slavery Days - By Annie L. Burton - Boston - ROSS PUBLISHING COMPANY - 1909 |
| Sarah Grimké, Angelina Grimké - 1792-1873, 1805-1879
American abolitionists and social activists |
| African American Warriors - Medal of Honor / The American Revolution / Civil War / Buffalo Soldiers / Revenue Cutter Service / Tuskegee Airman / Dorie Miller / General Benjamin O. Davis Sr. / Montford Point Marines / Charity Adams / The 24th Infantry in Korea / Colin Powell |
| Diversity - Slavery / Martin Luther King Jr. / Famous Persons / Hispanic-Latino / General |
| US Background - Geography, Poverty and Politics in the Heart of East Central Illinois |
| US Background - "Of the Training of Black Men" by W. E. Burghardt Du Bois (1902) |
| Life as a Slave - Historical Background / Slavery as a Legal Institution / African-American Families / Traits des Negres Engraving |
| US Background - Texts in African American History |
| Documenting the American South - Documenting the American South (DAS) is a collection of full-text primary sources on Southern history, literature and culture from the colonial period through the first decades of the 20th century. |
| African Heritage Month - A Great Link-Page related to the History of African Americans who moved to Canada. Covers slavery and the Underground Railroad, and includes more than 50 links. |
| Introduction to Some Missing Pages - This project on the presence of the Black community in Qu?bec and Canada had its genesis in a request by a class of young secondary school students who were studying Black History at the Da Costa Hall summer school in July 1993. (Table of Contents) |
